TCP has been around for so long that it is easy to forget just how much of the Internet depends on it. Web traffic, cloud applications, file transfers, databases and countless other services have relied on TCP for decades because it does a very good job of delivering data reliably and in the correct order. But there is a problem: the networks TCP was designed for are not necessarily the networks we are building today.
That is particularly true inside modern data centers. AI clusters can contain thousands of GPUs that need to exchange enormous amounts of data while simultaneously handling thousands of much smaller messages. A few milliseconds of additional latency might not sound like much when you are downloading a file, but when an expensive GPU is sitting idle waiting for another piece of information, those milliseconds can become very expensive. Stanford professor emeritus John Ousterhout is arguing that this is where a different transport protocol, called **Homa**, deserves a serious look.

